COMPLIANCE
When Ind AS applies to a foreign owned Private Limited company in India: the INR 250 crore and INR 500 crore tests, the group company rule, voluntary adoption, IFRS differences and first time adoption.
Compliance
Written by CA Nandini Hasija, Krystal7 Consultants. Last updated 23 October 2026.
Ind AS applicability is set by rule 4 of the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015. An unlisted Indian company must move to Ind AS once its own net worth reaches INR 250 crore, from the next financial year. A listed company, or the Indian holding company, subsidiary, joint venture or associate of a company that the rule covers, must also move. A foreign parent's size or IFRS reporting does not count.
This page is for foreign parents and the finance leads of their Indian subsidiaries. It covers the thresholds, the group company rule and voluntary adoption. It then covers the IFRS differences that matter for group packs, first time adoption and a decision table. INR 1 crore is 10 million.
An Indian Private Limited company must apply Ind AS if any one of three tests is met. Its own net worth reaches INR 250 crore. Its equity or debt securities are listed or being listed, other than on an SME exchange. Or it is the holding company, subsidiary, joint venture or associate of an Indian company caught by the first two tests.
Rule 4 of the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 (the Ind AS Rules) sets the roadmap. The Central Government notified the rules on 16 Feb 2015 under section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013. The roadmap ran in two phases, and both phases are now in force.
| Rule | Who is covered | Net worth test | Ind AS from |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4(1)(i) | Any company, by choice | None | Accounting periods from 1 Apr 2015 |
| 4(1)(ii)(a) | Companies with equity or debt securities listed, or being listed, in India or abroad | INR 500 crore or more | 1 Apr 2016 |
| 4(1)(ii)(b) | Unlisted companies | INR 500 crore or more | 1 Apr 2016 |
| 4(1)(ii)(c) | Holding, subsidiary, joint venture or associate companies of the above | None of its own | 1 Apr 2016 |
| 4(1)(iii)(a) | Listed companies, or those being listed, other than on an SME exchange | Below INR 500 crore | 1 Apr 2017 |
| 4(1)(iii)(b) | Unlisted companies | INR 250 crore or more but below INR 500 crore | 1 Apr 2017 |
| 4(1)(iii)(c) | Holding, subsidiary, joint venture or associate companies of the above | None of its own | 1 Apr 2017 |
The proviso to rule 4(1) keeps companies on an SME exchange outside clauses (ii) and (iii). The same goes for the Institutional Trading Platform without an initial public offering. They may still adopt Ind AS by choice under clause (i).
A company that meets none of the tests follows the accounting standards in the Companies (Accounting Standards) Rules, 2021 (Indian AS). Rule 3 of the Ind AS Rules keeps the two sets apart. A company uses one set or the other, never a mix.
Our guide to financial reporting for foreign subsidiaries in India covers the rest of the annual reporting cycle.
No. Rule 4(6) of the Ind AS Rules covers an Indian subsidiary, associate or joint venture of a foreign company. It applies Ind AS "either voluntarily or mandatorily if it meets the criteria", and the criteria test the Indian company itself. A foreign parent's net worth, listing or IFRS reporting does not trigger anything in India.
The reason sits in the definitions. The Ind AS Rules take "company" from section 2(20) of the Companies Act, 2013. It means a company incorporated under that Act or an earlier Indian company law. A Delaware, London or Singapore parent is not such a company. So it cannot be one of the companies "specified" in rule 4(1)(ii) or (iii).
So a very large parent can own an Indian subsidiary that stays on Indian AS for years. The gap then shows up in the reporting pack.
The Indian subsidiary cannot file IFRS accounts with the Registrar either. Section 129(1) requires financial statements that comply with the accounting standards notified under section 133, in the form Schedule III sets out. IFRS is not notified. The choice is Indian AS or Ind AS.
Net worth follows section 2(57) of the Companies Act, 2013. It adds paid up capital, reserves created out of profits, securities premium and the profit and loss balance. It deducts accumulated losses and deferred or miscellaneous expenditure not written off. Revaluation, depreciation write back and amalgamation reserves stay out.
Rule 4(2) fixes the base. The test uses the audited standalone statements as on 31 Mar 2014, or the first audited statements for a period ending after that date. A company that meets a threshold later uses the first audited standalone statements in which it does.
| Item | In or out of net worth | Basis |
|---|---|---|
| Paid up equity and preference share capital | In | Section 2(57) |
| Securities premium | In | Section 2(57), as amended |
| Retained earnings (credit balance of profit and loss) | In | Section 2(57) |
| General reserve and other reserves created out of profits | In | Section 2(57) |
| Debit balance of profit and loss (accumulated losses) | Deducted | Section 2(57) |
| Deferred and miscellaneous expenditure not written off | Deducted | Section 2(57) |
| Revaluation reserve | Out | Section 2(57) |
| Reserve from write back of depreciation | Out | Section 2(57) |
| Amalgamation reserve | Out | Section 2(57) |
| Share application money pending allotment | Out, in our reading, as it is not yet share capital | Section 2(57) |
The test looks only at the Indian company's own audited balance sheet. Consolidated figures of the Indian company do not count, and the parent's figures never do. A fresh equity infusion from the parent counts in full once allotted, through share capital and premium.
Net worth is also one of the tests for CSR, which our guide to CSR applicability for foreign owned companies explains.
Ind AS starts from the financial year after the year end at which the company first meets the threshold. The Explanation to rule 4(2) says so. If net worth first reaches INR 250 crore on 31 Mar 2026, Ind AS applies from FY 2026-27. FY 2025-26 becomes the comparative year.
The comparative year moves the real start back by a year. Ind AS 101 defines the date of transition as the beginning of the earliest period with full comparative information. For first Ind AS statements for FY 2026-27, that date is 1 Apr 2025.
The first Ind AS statements cover the year ending 31 Mar 2027. They show balance sheets at 1 Apr 2025, 31 Mar 2026 and 31 Mar 2027.
The FY 2025-26 audit usually ends in the middle of 2026, inside the first Ind AS year. So project net worth before 31 March and start the opening balance sheet early.
Rule 4(1)(ii)(c) and (iii)(c) cover the holding, subsidiary, joint venture and associate companies of a company that the thresholds catch. The link works both up and down an Indian chain. Fellow subsidiaries under the same foreign parent are not on the list, in our reading.
Section 2(6) defines an associate as a company over which another has significant influence, including a joint venture. Significant influence means control of at least 20 percent of total voting power or participation in business decisions under an agreement. So a 49 percent Indian partner in a joint venture makes the venture its associate at the least.
The common group cases for a foreign owned company are below:
Rule 4(3) applies Ind AS to both standalone and consolidated statements once the duty arises. An Indian company that consolidates Indian subsidiaries therefore uses Ind AS at both levels.
Yes. Rule 4(1)(i) lets any company adopt Ind AS for accounting periods from 1 Apr 2015, with comparatives. The choice is irrevocable under rule 4(8). Rule 4(9) keeps the company on Ind AS even if it later falls below every threshold, so adopt only when the benefit lasts.
We see three reasons that hold up. The group reports under IFRS and wants Indian accounts close to the pack. A sale or funding round is planned, and the buyer or investor wants accounts close to IFRS. Or the subsidiary is near INR 250 crore and will cross soon anyway.
The table sets out the costs.
| Factor | Stay on Indian AS | Adopt Ind AS voluntarily |
|---|---|---|
| Distance from the group's IFRS pack | Wide: leases, financial instruments, deferred tax and revenue differ | Narrow: only the carve outs and timing gaps remain |
| One time transition work | None | Opening balance sheet, restated comparatives, reconciliations under Ind AS 101 |
| Fair value and actuarial inputs | Fewer | More, for financial instruments, share based payments and some provisions |
| Statutory format | Schedule III, Division I | Schedule III, Division II |
| XBRL filing of AOC-4 | Only above the XBRL thresholds | Required for every Ind AS company |
| MAT book profit | Based on Indian AS profit | Based on Ind AS profit with prescribed adjustments, including the transition amount |
| Can the company go back? | Not relevant | No, under rules 4(8) and 4(9) |
The MCA's XBRL filing rules cover listed companies and those with paid up capital of INR 5 crore or more, or turnover of INR 100 crore or more. They also cover every company required to prepare Ind AS accounts. Our note on AOC-4 XBRL filing for a foreign owned company covers the tagging work.
Ind AS follows IFRS closely but not fully. Each notified standard lists its differences from the IFRS in an appendix, and some departures are deliberate carve outs. India also adopts new IFRS changes later than the IASB. So an Ind AS subsidiary still makes IFRS adjustments in its group pack, though fewer than an Indian AS one.
The first Ind AS statements must contain an explicit and unreserved statement of compliance with Ind AS, under Ind AS 101. Because of the carve outs, that statement does not make the accounts IFRS compliant.
The differences we most often adjust for in packs are below. Each notified standard carries an appendix comparing it with the IAS or IFRS. Read that appendix, as notified at your year end, before you change a pack.
| Area | IFRS | Ind AS | Effect on the IFRS pack |
|---|---|---|---|
| Financial year | Any year end | 31 March under section 2(41) of the Companies Act, 2013, unless the Central Government allows another year on application | A December parent needs a separate cut off and roll forward |
| Presentation | IAS 1 allows choices of format | Schedule III, Division II formats; expenses by nature; one statement of profit and loss with other comprehensive income | Remap line items to the group chart of accounts |
| Investment property | Cost or fair value model | Cost model only, with fair value disclosed (Ind AS 40) | Fair value adjustment in the pack if the group uses fair value |
| Bargain purchase gain | Profit or loss | Other comprehensive income, then capital reserve (Ind AS 103) | Reclassify to profit or loss |
| Business combinations under common control | Outside IFRS 3; group policy applies | Pooling of interests under Appendix C to Ind AS 103 | Align with the group's policy for internal restructurings |
| Discount rate for employee benefits | High quality corporate bond yields | Government bond yields (Ind AS 19) | Gratuity and leave obligations differ; get both from the actuary |
| Conversion option in foreign currency convertible bonds | Liability where the price is fixed in a foreign currency | Equity where the price is fixed in any currency (Ind AS 32) | Reclassify in the pack |
| Interest and dividend cash flows | Choice of category before IFRS 18 | Fixed categories under Ind AS 7 | Remap in the cash flow statement |
| First time adoption | IFRS 1 | Ind AS 101 adds deemed cost at carrying value (D7AA) and relief for long term foreign currency monetary items (D13AA) | Pack keeps the group's IFRS carrying amounts |
| New standards and amendments | IASB effective dates | MCA notification, usually later | Track each gap year by year |
Timing gaps are the most common source of pack adjustments. The IASB's 2024 amendments on classifying financial instruments and on electricity contracts that depend on nature apply under IFRS from 1 Jan 2026. India brought them into Ind AS 107 and Ind AS 109 by G.S.R. 725(E) of 12 Aug 2026, for annual periods from 1 Apr 2026. That notification came after this page was first published.
IFRS 18, the new presentation standard, applies under IFRS from 1 Jan 2027. ICAI's Accounting Standards Board issued an exposure draft of Ind AS 118 that proposes 1 Apr 2027.
As far as we can trace, MCA has not notified Ind AS 118. G.S.R. 725(E) of 12 Aug 2026 amended five other standards and left it out. Check the MCA notifications page for any later notification. Until Ind AS 118 is notified, plan for an Indian presentation that differs from the IFRS 18 group format.
Our note on the 31 March year end and a December parent covers the cut off mechanics. Our note on the MIS report format for an Indian subsidiary covers monthly reporting to the parent.
First time adoption means preparing an opening Ind AS balance sheet at the date of transition, restating the comparative year and explaining every difference. Ind AS 101 requires at least three balance sheets in the first Ind AS statements. All adjustments at the transition date go to retained earnings or another category of equity.
Paragraph 10 of Ind AS 101 sets the basic rules for the opening balance sheet:
Paragraph 11 sends the resulting adjustments to retained earnings at the date of transition. The standard then allows optional exemptions in Appendix D and requires exceptions in Appendix B. The exemptions decide how much of the past the company has to rebuild.
| Exemption or exception | What it allows | Why a foreign owned subsidiary uses it |
|---|---|---|
| Deemed cost at carrying value (D7AA) | Keep the previous GAAP carrying amount of all property, plant and equipment as deemed cost, if the functional currency does not change | Avoids rebuilding historical cost for every asset |
| Long term foreign currency monetary items (D13AA) | Continue the previous GAAP policy for exchange differences on items recognised before the first Ind AS period | Keeps an existing treatment of older foreign currency loans |
| Subsidiary adopting later than its parent (D16) | Lets a subsidiary use carrying amounts based on its parent's Ind AS transition | Usually not available where the parent reports under IFRS and has no Ind AS transition, in our reading |
| Estimates (exception in paragraph 14) | Ind AS estimates at the transition date must match previous GAAP estimates unless they were in error | Stops hindsight from entering the opening balance sheet |
The first Ind AS statements also need reconciliations of equity and profit from previous GAAP to Ind AS. Ind AS 101 requires them for the transition date and the end of the comparative year. Investors and the parent read these reconciliations closely.
Where the parent reports under IFRS, much of the pack work maps straight to Ind AS. The carve outs, the Schedule III format and the tax effects remain.
Ind AS changes the profit figure that feeds Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT), the format of the accounts and the XBRL duty. Normal income tax starts from the books but follows its own computation rules. Plan the tax effects in the same project as the accounts.
The main effects are:
Our note on Minimum Alternate Tax for foreign companies and their subsidiaries covers the MAT computation in detail.
No. Rule 5 of the 2015 Ind AS Rules, as first notified, exempted insurance companies, banking companies and non banking financial companies (NBFCs). MCA added a separate NBFC track to rule 4 in 2016, in rule 4(1)(iv). NBFCs with net worth of INR 500 crore or more moved from 1 Apr 2018, and those from INR 250 crore from 1 Apr 2019. Banks and insurers follow their regulators' timetables. A foreign owned NBFC should read the NBFC clause first.
The NBFC track has its own holding and subsidiary rule, and it may not allow voluntary adoption below INR 250 crore, so read it before you plan an early move. A foreign owned group with an Indian NBFC and an Indian operating company can therefore end up with the two on different dates. We map each Indian entity separately before any transition plan.
Check RBI's current directions for the NBFC's class as well as the roadmap.
Its financial statements then breach section 129(1), which requires compliance with the accounting standards notified under section 133. Rule 4 decides which notified set applies. The auditor would qualify the opinion, and the officers face section 129(7).
Section 129(7) covers the managing director, the whole time director in charge of finance, the CFO and any person the board charges with compliance. Where none of them exists, all the directors are liable. Each faces imprisonment of up to one year, a fine of INR 50,000 to INR 5,00,000, or both.
Restating a year after the AGM also means revised statements and fresh filings.
The table below covers the cases we see most in foreign owned groups. Each row tests the Indian company on its own figures and its Indian group links.
| Situation | Ind AS mandatory? | Rule | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wholly owned unlisted subsidiary, net worth INR 80 crore, no Indian group companies | No | Rule 4(6) | May adopt voluntarily under rule 4(1)(i) |
| Same subsidiary, net worth reaches INR 263 crore on 31 Mar 2026 | Yes, from FY 2026-27 | Rule 4(1)(iii)(b) and Explanation to rule 4(2) | Transition date 1 Apr 2025 |
| Unlisted subsidiary, net worth INR 520 crore | Yes | Rule 4(1)(ii)(b) | Already covered if it crossed in an earlier year |
| Small subsidiary with non convertible debentures listed on an Indian exchange | Yes | Rule 4(1)(iii)(a) | Listing of debt counts; SME exchange excluded |
| Small Indian step down company of a covered Indian subsidiary | Yes | Rule 4(1)(iii)(c) | Size of the step down company is irrelevant |
| Small Indian holding company of a covered Indian subsidiary | Yes | Rule 4(1)(iii)(c) | The link runs upward too |
| Joint venture with an Indian listed company holding 49 percent | Yes | Rule 4(1)(iii)(c) with section 2(6) | 49 percent is above the 20 percent influence line |
| Small subsidiary whose fellow Indian subsidiary is covered | No, in our reading | Rule 4(1)(iii)(c) | Fellow subsidiaries are not named |
| Foreign parent listed on NASDAQ or the LSE; Indian company unlisted | No | Rule 4(6) | The parent's listing is not the Indian company's listing |
| Subsidiary on Ind AS by choice, net worth later falls to INR 60 crore | Stays on Ind AS | Rules 4(8) and 4(9) | No route back to Indian AS |
| Indian NBFC subsidiary, net worth INR 300 crore | Yes, on the NBFC track | Rule 4(1)(iv) | Follow RBI directions too |
The thresholds in rule 4 did not change in 2026. The standards themselves did. The table lists the changes around the test, with the date of each.
| Item | Old position | New position | Date | Instrument |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ind AS 1, 7, 12 and 107 | Earlier text | Classification of liabilities as current or non current, supplier finance disclosures, Pillar Two tax relief | Aug 2025 | Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Second Amendment Rules, 2025; the MCA notifications page gives the G.S.R. number |
| AS 22 for Indian AS companies | No Pillar Two relief | No deferred tax on Pillar Two income taxes, with new disclosures | 10 Mar 2026 | Companies (Accounting Standards) Amendment Rules, 2026, G.S.R. 169(E) |
| MAT rate | 15 percent for FY 2025-26 | 14 percent from tax year 2026-27, under section 206 | 1 Apr 2026 | Income Tax Act, 2025 as amended by Finance Act, 2026 |
| Ind AS 101, 107, 109, 110 and 7 | Earlier text | Contingent features in financial assets, electronic payment settlement, electricity contracts that depend on nature, annual improvements | 12 Aug 2026, for periods from 1 Apr 2026 | Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Amendment Rules, 2026, G.S.R. 725(E) |
| Presentation standard | Ind AS 1 | Ind AS 118 proposed in an exposure draft, for periods from 1 Apr 2027; not notified, as far as we can trace | Comment period ended 6 May 2025 | ICAI Accounting Standards Board exposure draft |
| Net worth thresholds | INR 250 crore and INR 500 crore | No change | None | Rule 4 |
This page was first published on 13 Feb 2026. Since then:
Take a hypothetical Indian Private Limited company, wholly owned by a Singapore parent that reports under IFRS. It has no Indian subsidiaries. Its audited standalone balance sheet at 31 Mar 2026 shows the figures below, in INR crore.
| Item (INR crore) | Amount | Counts in net worth? |
|---|---|---|
| Paid up equity share capital | 120 | Yes |
| Securities premium | 60 | Yes |
| Retained earnings | 85 | Yes |
| Revaluation reserve on land | 15 | No |
| Miscellaneous expenditure not written off | 2 | Deducted |
If the company had counted the revaluation reserve, it would show INR 278 crore. The answer would be the same here, but the reserve can decide a closer case. A company at INR 245 crore plus a revaluation reserve of INR 15 crore stays on Indian AS.
Now suppose the same Singapore parent sets up a second Indian company in 2026. It is a 51 to 49 joint venture with an Indian listed company. The listed company holds 49 percent of the votes, well above the 20 percent line for significant influence in section 2(6). The joint venture is an associate or joint venture of a company on Ind AS. It applies Ind AS from its first financial statements, whatever its net worth.
Our statutory audit guide for a foreign owned Indian subsidiary covers the audit side. Our accounting and bookkeeping service runs Ind AS conversions for foreign owned subsidiaries.
To ask whether your subsidiary is near the line, email [email protected] with the last audited balance sheet and a group chart.
Only if it meets rule 4 of the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015. An unlisted Private Limited company must apply Ind AS once its net worth reaches INR 250 crore. It must also apply Ind AS if it is a holding company, subsidiary, joint venture or associate of a covered Indian company. Otherwise it follows the Companies (Accounting Standards) Rules, 2021.
Yes, on the subsidiary's own figures. Under rule 4(6) of the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015, an Indian subsidiary of a foreign company applies Ind AS if it meets the criteria. The foreign parent's net worth, listing or IFRS reporting does not count, because "company" in the rules means an Indian company.
INR 250 crore for unlisted companies under rule 4(1)(iii)(b), and INR 500 crore under rule 4(1)(ii). Net worth follows section 2(57) of the Companies Act, 2013 and is measured on the audited standalone balance sheet. A listed company applies Ind AS at any net worth, unless it is listed only on an SME exchange.
From the next financial year, under the Explanation to rule 4(2). A company that first crosses INR 250 crore on 31 Mar 2026 applies Ind AS from FY 2026-27. Its date of transition under Ind AS 101 is 1 Apr 2025, because FY 2025-26 is the comparative year.
No. Section 129(1) of the Companies Act, 2013 requires financial statements that comply with the standards notified under section 133, in Schedule III format. IFRS is not notified. The subsidiary uses Indian AS or Ind AS and sends its parent a separate IFRS reporting pack with adjustments.
Yes. Rule 4(1)(i) of the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 lets any company adopt Ind AS, with comparatives, for periods from 1 Apr 2015. Rule 4(8) makes the choice irrevocable, and rule 4(9) keeps the company on Ind AS even if it later falls below every threshold.
No. Rule 4(9) of the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 covers a company that has started on Ind AS, by choice or by law. It must follow Ind AS for all later financial statements. This holds even if net worth falls below INR 250 crore or the company delists.
In our reading, no. Rule 4(1)(ii)(c) and (iii)(c) name holding, subsidiary, joint venture and associate companies of a covered company. Two subsidiaries of the same foreign parent are none of these to each other. Check for any cross holding or Indian intermediate holding company before relying on this.
Usually yes. A listed Indian company applies Ind AS under rule 4(1)(ii)(a) or (iii)(a). Its joint ventures and associates must then apply Ind AS under rule 4(1)(iii)(c), whatever their size. Under section 2(6), holding 20 percent or more of the votes is enough for an associate.
Yes. Rule 4(1)(ii)(a) and (iii)(a) cover companies whose equity or debt securities are listed or being listed, in India or abroad. An Indian subsidiary with listed non convertible debentures applies Ind AS at any net worth. Listing only on an SME exchange or the Institutional Trading Platform is excluded.
No. Ind AS is based on IFRS but has carve outs. Examples are the cost model for investment property and the government bond discount rate for employee benefits. India also notifies IFRS changes later. Ind AS 101 requires a statement of compliance with Ind AS, not IFRS.
It is the beginning of the earliest period for which the company presents full comparative information in its first Ind AS statements. For a first Ind AS year of FY 2026-27, the date of transition is 1 Apr 2025. The opening Ind AS balance sheet is prepared at that date.
Deemed cost under paragraph D7AA lets the company keep the previous GAAP carrying value for all its property, plant and equipment. Paragraph D13AA keeps an existing policy for older long term foreign currency monetary items. Both save the cost of rebuilding history in the opening balance sheet.
Yes, for companies inside MAT. Section 206 of the Income Tax Act, 2025, which replaces section 115JB, computes book profit from the statement of profit and loss. Ind AS companies adjust book profit for other comprehensive income and the Ind AS transition amount, as old section 115JB required. MAT is 14 percent from tax year 2026-27.
Yes. The MCA's XBRL filing rules, made under section 137 of the Companies Act, 2013, cover every company required to prepare Ind AS financial statements. They also cover listed companies and companies with paid up capital of INR 5 crore or more or turnover of INR 100 crore or more.
Not by 23 Oct 2026, as far as we can trace. ICAI's Accounting Standards Board issued an exposure draft of Ind AS 118, based on IFRS 18, proposing annual periods from 1 Apr 2027. IFRS 18 itself applies under IFRS from 1 Jan 2027. Watch MCA notifications before planning the group format.
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WRITTEN BY
Nandini Hasija is a co-founder of Krystal7. She leads brand, business development and marketing, and works with founders to define their engagement. She is a Chartered Accountant and achieved All India Rank 49 in the CA examinations.
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ComplianceHow a foreign parent closes its Indian subsidiary in 2026: STK-2 strike off at C-PACE or voluntary liquidation under IBC section 59, with preconditions, timelines, tax and FEMA steps, and how the cash gets home.
Read the guide ↗ServicePrivate Limited company registration in India with SPICe+, DIN, PAN and TAN in about 8 to 10 working days. Zero MCA fee up to INR 15 lakh capital.
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ComplianceA dormant or low revenue Indian subsidiary still needs an audit. How section 455 dormant status works (MSC-1, MSC-3, MSC-4), the filings that never stop, the cost of doing nothing and when strike off is better.
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ComplianceA month by month compliance calendar for tax year 2026-27 covering income tax under the new form numbers, GST, MCA, FEMA and labour dates for a foreign owned Private Limited company, each with its legal source.
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GeneralA founder focused guide to virtual CFO services cost in India, covering scope, pricing models, and how to compare providers before you engage one for your Indian entity.
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SpotlightHow to actually compare FEMA consultants in India: seven evaluation criteria, the filing deadlines your consultant must never miss, and fee expectations.
Read the guide ↗ServiceLLP registration in India end to end: DSC, name approval, FiLLiP filing and the LLP agreement in 12 to 15 working days. Fixed fees, foreign partners welcome.
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IPThe best trademark registration companies in India for 2026, ranked by fit, with real fee expectations, required documents and the process step by step.
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GeneralA virtual CFO should give you numbers you can run a company on and keep the filings clean. Here is a ranked, honest 2026 guide for startups and foreign subsidiaries, and who each firm suits.
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ComplianceStatutory accounts, audit, Ind AS and ROC filings for a foreign owned Indian subsidiary: the 2026 financial reporting obligations founders must meet.
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ComplianceWho must file BRSR and BRSR Core, how value chain disclosures and an EU parent's CSRD reporting pull in unlisted Indian subsidiaries, the CSR overlap, and a data checklist.
Read the guide ↗ServiceOne Person Company registration in India: DSC, name approval and SPICe+ filing in about 8 to 10 working days. NRIs can register an OPC since April 2021.
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IPHow a foreign company files a patent in India: PCT national phase at 31 months, convention filings, Form 18, Form 3, the foreign filing licence for Indian inventors, official fees by applicant type, and the three yearly Form 27.
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ComplianceHow an Indian subsidiary removes, replaces or accepts the resignation of a director. Section 169 special notice, section 168 and Form DIR-11, vacation under section 167, the DIN, bank mandates and the resident director rule.
Read the guide ↗CalculatorSeparate incorporation costs, operating runway and equity funding before approving an India setup budget.
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IPHow a foreign company registers copyright and designs in India: Berne protection, Form XIV, software and website code, the Designs Act, 2000, Locarno classes, six month priority, and who owns work made in the Indian subsidiary.
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ComplianceHow an Indian company changes its name under section 13(2) of the Companies Act, 2013, from RUN to the fresh certificate, with name rules, trademark limits, fees, timeline and the PAN, GST and IEC updates.
Read the guide ↗ServiceRegister your Public Limited Company in India with Krystal7 Consultants. Professional PLC registration services with expert guidance and compliance support.
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ComplianceHow an Indian company moves its registered office under sections 12 and 13 of the Companies Act, 2013, from a move down the street to a move to another State, with forms, notices, timelines, fees and the GST and other updates.
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IPHow a foreign brand protects its trademark in India: Form TM-A or a Madrid designation, classes, use affidavits, opposition, official fees, and how to move or license the mark to an Indian subsidiary.
Read the guide ↗ServiceFEMA compliance for foreign companies in India: every RBI form (FC-GPR, FLA, FC-TRS, ECB, ODI), deadlines, penalties, and a fixed fee partner to file them all.
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ComplianceHow to end employment in India under the Industrial Relations Code, 2020. Who is a worker, notice and compensation, the 300 worker rule, fixed term staff, standing orders, the reskilling fund, misconduct and final dues.
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ComplianceHow an Indian company registers a charge with the ROC in Form CHG-1 under section 77, the 30, 60 and 120 day windows, CHG-9, CHG-4, security for an ECB from a foreign parent, the register of charges and penalties.
Read the guide ↗ServiceTransfer pricing support for Indian subsidiaries, with transaction review, documentation and guidance on Form 3CEB or Form 48 for your reporting period.
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ComplianceThe POSH Act, 2013 for a foreign owned company in India. The Internal Committee and external member, policy, training, timelines, the District Officer report, board report disclosures, SHe-Box and penalties.
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ComplianceThe four labour codes took effect on 21 Nov 2025. What a foreign owned subsidiary must change on wages, PF, gratuity, fixed term staff, final pay, hours and state rules, with the salary arithmetic.
Read the guide ↗ServiceIncome tax return filing in India for individuals, NRIs, founders, firms and companies. Due dates, the right ITR form and a return that matches your AIS.
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ComplianceHow Schedule III of the Companies Act, 2013 shapes Indian financial statements: Division I and II, the 2021 disclosures, rounding, MSME and related party notes, and mapping a foreign parent's group pack.
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ComplianceThe audit trail rule for accounting software in India, from the rule 3(1) proviso and rule 11(g) reporting to eight year retention, Indian backups and what a subsidiary on SAP, NetSuite or Oracle must fix.
Read the guide ↗ServiceGST registration in India with GSTIN typically in 2 to 7 working days. Documents, portal filing and expert support for Indian and foreign owned companies.
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ComplianceHow an Indian subsidiary with a 31 March year end reports to a parent that closes on 31 December: section 2(41), the Regional Director route, the tax year, December reporting packs and a month by month timeline.
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ComplianceEvery company other than a government company files DPT-3. See how a foreign owned subsidiary reports parent ECBs, director loans, share application money and customer advances, and when the auditor must sign.
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ComplianceCase note on the LinkedIn SBO orders: the ROC order of 22 May 2024, the Regional Director's dismissal of 27 Feb 2026, section 90 and the SBO Rules, our view, and the Delhi High Court stay.
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ComplianceWhich Indian companies file financial statements in XBRL, how the INR 5 crore and INR 100 crore tests apply to foreign owned subsidiaries, the C&I and Ind AS taxonomies, validation, deadlines and the errors we fix most.
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ComplianceWhat the DPDP Act, 2023 and the DPDP Rules 2025 mean for a foreign company or Indian subsidiary. Phased dates, notice and consent, fiduciary duties, breach reporting, transfers abroad, the Board and penalties.
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ComplianceWe read four ROC adjudication orders against Indian subsidiaries of UK, US and Malaysian parents, with penalties from ₹45,000 to ₹18,00,000. What went wrong, why section 446B did not help, and five calendar fixes.
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ComplianceWhen a new Indian company must register its office under the state shops and establishments Act, which states levy professional tax, how the labour codes fit in, and a 12 person cost example for Bengaluru and Gurugram.
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ComplianceSection 90 and the SBO Rules for a foreign owned Indian company in 2026: the 10 percent tests, the majority stake rule, funds, BEN-1 to BEN-4, exemptions, a parent that will not disclose, penalties and a worked example.
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ComplianceWhen PF and ESI start, what they cost after the INR 25,000 ceiling, and how expats are treated as international workers, with social security agreements, certificates of coverage, due dates, damages and a worked example.
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ComplianceA company that owes a micro or small supplier beyond 45 days files MSME Form 1 twice a year. See the due dates, the vendor check, interest at three times the RBI bank rate and the section 37(2)(g) tax rule.
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ComplianceAOC-4 and MGT-7 for a foreign owned Indian company in 2026: FY 2025-26 due dates from the AGM, AOC-4 XBRL and CFS, why MGT-7A is closed to subsidiaries, attachments, late fees, penalties and director disqualification.
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ComplianceDaily and weekly hours, overtime at twice wages, weekly holidays, annual leave after 180 days, women on night shifts, appointment letters and state rules under the OSH Code, 2020, with what an IT subsidiary must change.
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ComplianceGratuity under the Code on Social Security, 2020 from 21 Nov 2025. Eligibility, the one year rule for fixed term staff, the formula on the new wage definition, the ceiling, forfeiture, nomination, payment and payroll actions.
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ComplianceHow a foreign owned Indian company appoints its first auditor within 30 days, moves to a five year term at the first AGM, files Form ADT-1, and handles rotation, casual vacancy, removal and resignation.
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ComplianceHow section 2(y) of the Code on Wages, 2019 defines wages, how the 50 percent cap pulls allowances back in, what it does to PF, ESI, gratuity and bonus, and how to restructure a CTC and an offer letter.
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ComplianceBoard meeting and AGM rules for an Indian subsidiary whose directors live abroad. Four meetings a year, the 120 day gap, notice, quorum, video conference under Rule 3, circular resolutions, minutes, AGM timing and VC AGMs.
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IncorporationA Private Limited Company in India needs two members, so a foreign parent holds one share through a nominee. This guide covers Forms MGT-4, MGT-5 and MGT-6, who should be the nominee and the FEMA reports that follow.
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IncorporationWhat makes a holding and subsidiary company in India under section 2(87): board control or more than half the voting power. It covers associates, layers, section 19, consolidation, the small company bar and FEMA.
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Cross-BorderHow an employer of record works in India, where the PE, FEMA, labour code and IP risks sit, an illustrative cost model at 5, 15 and 40 employees, and when and how to move staff into your own subsidiary.
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Cross-BorderHow a foreign owned Indian subsidiary declares and pays a dividend in 2026, with Companies Act steps, the FEMA position, 20 percent or treaty withholding, Forms 41, 145 and 146, and a worked INR 10 crore example.
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IncorporationA wholly owned subsidiary in India gives a parent full beneficial ownership of a separate Indian company. The ownership must comply with foreign investment rules and the company's member requirements. Control also needs clear board authority, signing limits and access to reliable records.
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Country GuidesForeign subsidiary registration in India creates an Indian company controlled by an overseas parent. The work includes an investment review, overseas documents, incorporation and the steps needed to fund and operate the company. Registration alone does not complete bank onboarding or foreign investment reporting.
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IncorporationThe documents, beneficial owner checks and foreign director KYC an Indian bank needs for a new subsidiary, how share capital should arrive, the FIRC and FC-GPR link, EEFC rules and a realistic timeline.
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IncorporationOur view on how much authorised capital a foreign subsidiary in India should start with: why ₹15 lakh is the default, what a later SH-7 increase costs, and when a higher start is worth it.
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IncorporationHow Indian private companies issue sweat equity shares under section 54 and rule 8, with limits, valuation, lock in, FEMA rules for non residents, tax as a perquisite and ESOP comparison.
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IncorporationWhich documents a foreign founder or parent company must notarise, apostille or consularise for an Indian incorporation, with a 13 country route table, the German and UAE exceptions, document age rules and a checklist.
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IncorporationWhat section 12 and rule 25 require for a new company's registered office, which address proofs work for homes, rented and co working premises, and how the state, GST and bank checks depend on the same address.
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IncorporationEvery government charge in an Indian incorporation, proved with two real SPICe+ challans: nil MCA fee up to ₹15 lakh, ₹1,000 for the name, ₹143 for PAN and TAN, and stamp duty by state.
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Cross-BorderHow a foreign partner sets up a joint venture company in India in 2026. It covers structures, FDI caps, Press Note 3, FEMA pricing, shareholders agreement limits, CCI thresholds, filings, exits and tax, with a 51:49 example.
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IncorporationHow the Registrar tests a proposed company name under section 4 and rules 8, 8A and 8B, how SPICe+ Part A and RUN work, how long a name stays reserved, and the rejection reasons we see most on our filings.
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IncorporationHow a foreign director gets a Class 3 DSC for Indian company filings: the CCA rules, the documents, the video check, personal or organisation certificates, renewal, and when a founder needs no DSC at incorporation.
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Cross-BorderWhat a foreign founder or director may do in India on a business visa or e Business visa, how long each stay lasts, the June 2026 FRRO rule change, payments, employment visa triggers, tax residency and PE.
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Cross-BorderHow a foreign company opens and runs a liaison office in India in 2026: the three year profit and USD 50,000 net worth test, AD bank or RBI approval, permitted work, AAC by 30 September, Form 162, PE risk and closure.
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Cross-BorderWho needs an employment visa in India, the INR 16.25 lakh salary floor, documents the Indian company signs, validity, FRRO registration under the 2025 Rules, director cases, tax, PF and the compounding fees for getting it wrong.
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IncorporationHow a foreign national becomes a director of an Indian company in 2026: the 182 day resident director rule, DIN through SPICe+ or DIR-3, apostille by country, DSC by video, DIR-12 in 30 days and the new three year KYC.
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IncorporationA foreign owned Indian company cannot trade or borrow until every subscriber has paid and INC-20A is on record. See the order of bank account, remittance, FC-GPR and INC-20A, the penalties and the strike off risk.
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IncorporationThe structure, steps, licences, costs and transfer pricing model for a foreign parent setting up an Indian software subsidiary or dev center.
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IncorporationHow a foreign parent sets up an Indian manufacturing entity: FDI route, the licence map by authority, honest timelines and the tax position in 2026.
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IncorporationThe FDI position, registration steps, environmental and safety licence map, and costs for foreign investors entering India's chemical sector.
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Cross-BorderThe five types of India advisers compared honestly for foreign founders: who each suits, the questions that expose a bad fit, real fee ranges, and where Krystal7 Consultants fits.
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Country GuidesThe questions global founders actually ask before an India entry: what FEMA compliance means, who is responsible, how registration works from abroad, what it honestly costs, and the calendar that follows.
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IncorporationThe right company registration provider for a foreign founder should assess the investor and proposed activity before quoting the filing. Compare the full scope through banking and investment reporting, the people responsible and the recurring compliance work. A certificate alone does not show that the business is ready to operate.
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IncorporationForeign founders can register a company in India, subject to the proposed activity, investment route and ownership checks. Decide whether you will invest personally or through an existing overseas company before preparing documents. A parent company should use the foreign subsidiary registration service to plan its corporate ownership and reporting.
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IncorporationThe truth about top rated online company registration services in India for 2026: how rankings are made, real costs, 8 to 10 working day timelines, and how to actually choose.
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Cross-BorderChoosing your India entry route in 2026: subsidiary, branch, LO or LLP compared on control, tax, FEMA and speed, with a decision framework for founders.
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Cross-BorderHow India's Production Linked Incentive schemes work in 2026, which sectors they cover, what Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu add, how incentives are taxed under the Income Tax Act, 2025, and a checklist for a foreign manufacturer.
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Cross-BorderHow CBIC's AEO programme works in India: the four tiers, eligibility, benefits, monthly deferred duty from 1 Mar 2026, mutual recognition, the application and whether a foreign owned subsidiary should apply.
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Cross-BorderHow customs duty in India is built from BCD, SWS, AIDC and IGST, how customs values imports from a foreign parent, how the bill of entry works on ICEGATE, and what drawback and advance authorisation save.
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IncorporationHow an Indian company issues shares to foreign investors by private placement under section 42 and rule 14, with PAS-4, the 200 person limit, deadlines, FEMA pricing and FC-GPR.
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Cross-BorderWhich countries have a social security agreement with India, how a certificate of coverage exempts posted workers, how EPFO issues one for Indian staff going abroad, totalisation, PF withdrawal and the 2026 scheme.
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Cross-BorderBengaluru, Hyderabad, Pune or Gurugram for a foreign tech subsidiary: talent, office costs, state IT and GCC policies, professional tax, shops and establishments law, lease stamp duty and a decision table.
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Cross-BorderHow the Budget 2026 data centre tax holiday works under Schedule IV serial 13C, what changed in August 2026, the 15 percent safe harbour, infrastructure status, state policies, power, DPDP localisation and the FDI route.
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IncorporationWhat the memorandum and articles of a foreign owned Indian subsidiary must contain under sections 4 and 5, what Table F leaves out, the clauses a foreign parent should add, signing in SPICe+, and how to alter them later.
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Cross-BorderTEPA has applied between India and Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein since 1 Oct 2025. Tariff cuts, origin proof, the investment goal and how it sits with the DTAAs.
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Cross-BorderThe 6 Feb 2026 India US framework, the 2025 tariff escalation to 50 percent, what changed after the Supreme Court ruling, and the transfer pricing and customs effects for an Indian subsidiary.
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Cross-BorderHow a startup moves its holding company from the US or Singapore to India, comparing the inbound merger, share swap and share purchase routes, with FEMA approvals, pricing, shareholder tax, timelines and lessons.
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Cross-BorderThe India EU FTA was concluded on 27 Jan 2026 but is not yet signed or in force. Tariff cuts by sector, the origin rules, services and what it does not change for an EU parent.
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Cross-BorderHow a foreign company sets up an SEZ unit in India: Form F, the Letter of Approval, the bond, net foreign exchange, tax after the section 10AA sunset, GST zero rating, IT units, exit and the 2025 and 2026 reforms.
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Cross-BorderHow a foreign parent seconds staff to an Indian subsidiary: the agreement, the real employer test, GST after Northern Operating Systems, PE and TDS after Centrica, payroll and provident fund, with a checklist.
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IncorporationEvery Indian company needs one director who stays in India for 182 days in the financial year. How foreign groups fill the seat, the forms, the liability, the first year rule and the section 172 penalty.
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Cross-BorderHow a foreign group sets up a global capability centre in India, from entity choice and cost plus pricing to the 15.5 percent safe harbour, SEZ or STPI, GST on exports, PE risk, payroll and the yearly filings.
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Cross-BorderWho must register with the FRRO, the 14 day deadline under the Immigration and Foreigners Rules, 2025, e FRRO steps, documents, the certificate of registration, address changes, departure, penalties and the employer's duties.
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IncorporationYes, a foreign-owned Private Limited company can register on Udyam. The revised thresholds, the portal steps, and what changes when the entity has FDI.
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IncorporationWho qualifies for DPIIT startup recognition under the February 2026 notification, why a foreign subsidiary does not, how to apply on NSWS, the benefits, the section 140 tax holiday and the usual rejection reasons.
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Cross-BorderWhat an Indian importer must declare, hold and produce under section 28DA and CAROTAR 2020, how customs verifies a claim, and how it works for imports under the UAE, Australia, UK and EFTA deals.
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Cross-BorderHow a foreign owned Indian company gets an Importer Exporter Code from DGFT, when service exporters need one, the April to June update, deactivation, and the links to customs, GST and FEMA export reporting.
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IncorporationThe SPICe+ form on the MCA portal, part by part: name reservation, the Part B fields that cause resubmissions, linked forms, 2026 fees and stamp duty, documents and a realistic timeline.
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Cross-BorderHow a foreign group sets up in GIFT IFSC: the IFSCA framework, funds, banking units, leasing, fintech and in house centres, the section 147 tax holiday, currency, FEMA status, approvals, and a Singapore and Dubai comparison.
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FEMA & RBIIndia has no direct conversion of a branch or liaison office into a subsidiary. Here are the steps in order, from incorporation and asset transfer at book value to GST, staff, AD bank closure, Form FC-2, PAN and TAN.
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FEMA & RBIHow an Indian subsidiary runs a section 62(1)(a) rights issue for its foreign parent in 2026: offer periods, FEMA pricing on renounced shares, demat, PAS-3 and FC-GPR within 30 days, with a worked example.
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FEMA & RBIHow an Indian subsidiary turns a foreign parent loan, ECB interest, import payables or pre incorporation costs into shares, with the Companies Act route, FEMA conditions, pricing, filings, tax and a worked example.
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FEMA & RBIHow the Overseas Investment Rules and Regulations 2022 work for an Indian company that sets up or buys a foreign entity in 2026: ODI vs OPI, the 400 percent limit, Form FC and UIN, the two layer rule, APR and late fees.
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FEMA & RBIHow a foreign company opens and runs a branch or project office in India in 2026: the eight permitted activities, the profit and net worth test, AD bank approval, the 35 percent tax rate, AAC, FC-3, profit remittance and closure.
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FEMA & RBIThe legal line between FDI and FPI in India: the NDI Rules 10 percent test, SEBI registration, reclassification within five trading days, tax under the Income Tax Act, 2025, reporting and the right route for a foreign parent.
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FEMA & RBIHow a foreign parent lends to its Indian subsidiary under the 2026 ECB rules: who can lend, the USD 1 billion limit, end uses, Form ECB 1 and ECB 2, late fees, withholding tax and transfer pricing.
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FEMA & RBIA practical guide for foreign founders on identifying FDI automatic route sectors in India, understanding when government approval applies, and what to confirm before incorporating or accepting investment.
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FEMA & RBIA practical guide for foreign founders on FDI reporting requirements in India, covering when RBI reporting applies, which filings to prepare, common mistakes, and when to bring in a compliance advisor.
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FEMA & RBIEvery legal route from an Indian subsidiary to its foreign parent with 2026 rates: dividends under treaty, royalties, buyback after April 2026, and the filings banks actually check.
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FEMA & RBIA step by step guide for foreign investors allotting shares in an Indian company: FEMA and Companies Act requirements, Automatic versus Approval Route, FMV pricing under FEMA valuation norms, FC-GPR filing on the FIRMS portal, and the post allotment compliance calendar covering PAS-3, annual return, and FLA.
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FEMA & RBIThe full FDI compliance map for foreign owned companies in India: FC-GPR, FCTRS, FLA, sectoral caps and the penalties for getting reporting wrong.
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FEMA & RBIFC-GPR filing for foreign investment in India: the 30 day timeline, FIRMS portal steps, documents, LSF for delays and how to file without rejections.
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FEMA & RBIHow FEMA treats OCI cardholders who invest in or direct Indian companies, with repatriation and non repatriation routes, FEMA and tax residence, DIN and KYC, Press Note 3, property and bank accounts.
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FEMA & RBIHow foreign partners invest in an Indian LLP under Schedule VI of the NDI Rules, with the sector test, designated partners, pricing, Form LLP(I) and LLP(II), conversion, tax and when an LLP fits.
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FEMA & RBIHow a foreign company merges into an Indian company under section 234 and rule 25A, the 2024 fast track for a foreign parent and its subsidiary, FEMA deemed approval, two year windows, tax and stamp duty.
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FEMA & RBIWhen an Indian company or foreign owned subsidiary must hold a Legal Entity Identifier under RBI rules for cross border payments, bank loans, forex deals and RTGS, and how to get and renew one.
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FEMA & RBIWhat RBI purpose codes are, what P0802 and P0807 mean after SOFTEX ended on 1 Oct 2026, the codes for service exports, FDI and payments to a foreign parent, and how to fix a wrong code with your bank.
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FEMA & RBISince 1 October 2026 every exporter of services and software files a monthly Export Declaration Form (EDF) under FEMA. Who files it, where, the due dates, the nine month realisation rule and what a missed EDF costs.
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FEMA & RBIWhat a FIRC and an eBRC are, how to get each from your bank and the DGFT portal, the GST refund link, the 2026 FEMA export rules with EDF and nine month realisation, and fixes for missing certificates.
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FEMA & RBIHow an EEFC account works for a foreign owned Indian company or exporter in 2026: the 100 percent credit rule, permitted debits, the monthly conversion rule, interest, GST refunds, worked examples and a checklist.
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FEMA & RBIHow foreign investors fund Indian companies with CCDs, CCPS, warrants and convertible notes, with the NDI Rules, conversion pricing, coupons, tax, FC-GPR, Form CN and company law steps.
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FEMA & RBISOFTEX stopped applying to software exports invoiced from 1 October 2026, when FEMA 23(R)/2026-RB came into force. What to do with September invoices, how the monthly EDF replaces the form, and the nine month realisation rule.
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FEMA & RBIHow FEMA prices shares issued or transferred to non residents in 2026: rule 21 floor and ceiling, who values, DCF, the 90 day report, CCPS and CCD conversion, swaps, angel tax after its repeal, and rule 57 under the Income Tax Act, 2025.
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FEMA & RBIHow an Indian company files PAS-3 when a foreign investor takes shares: the 30 and 15 day clocks, attachments by route, fees, the order with FC-GPR, penalties and fixing a missed return.
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FEMA & RBIHow shares of an Indian Private Limited company move between a resident and a non resident in 2026: FEMA pricing, SH-4 and demat, stamp duty, FC-TRS within 60 days, deferred payment, capital gains, TDS and treaties.
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FEMA & RBIWho files the Annual Performance Report for overseas direct investment, the 31 December due date, when unaudited accounts are allowed, how AD banks file it in 2026, and the flat INR 7,500 late fee.
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FEMA & RBIForm FC-GPR, also written FCGPR: what it reports, the 30 day clock from allotment, the FIRMS portal steps through your AD bank, the certificates the form needs, and what a late filing costs.
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FEMA & RBIA practitioner walkthrough of FEMA compounding under the 2024 Rules: PRAVAAH filing, the INR 10,000 fee, penalty caps and the 180 day order timeline.
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FEMA & RBIFC-GPR and FC-TRS are the two FEMA forms every foreign investor in an Indian company eventually meets. This guide sets out the difference between them in one table, explains when each applies, the 30 and 60 day filing clocks, and how to file correctly on the FIRMS portal.
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FEMA & RBILate or defective FC-GPR? Understand LSF regularisation versus compounding under the 2024 FEMA Rules, the PRAVAAH process, fees and timelines.
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FEMA & RBIHow Indian exporters net export receivables against import payables with the same overseas buyer, supplier or their group companies under FEMA, with the AD bank's role, EDPMS and IDPMS closure, write off limits and documents.
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FEMA & RBIHow RBI computes the late submission fee for delayed FC-GPR, FC-TRS, LLP, ODI, FLA and ECB filings, the three year window, the cap, how to pay, the 2026 ECB changes and when compounding takes over.
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FEMA & RBIHow an Indian company pays a foreign supplier or its parent in advance for goods or services under the FEMA import rules in force from 1 Oct 2026, with guarantees, IDPMS, time limits and repatriation.
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FEMA & RBICase note on published RBI compounding orders for late FC-GPR, ARF and FC-TRS reporting and late share issues, with the amounts RBI charged, the compounding matrix, the late submission fee route and what to do now.
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FEMA & RBIHow rule 9(6) of the NDI Rules lets buyers and sellers defer, escrow or indemnify up to 25 percent of the price for 18 months, and how pricing, FC-TRS, escrow accounts, TDS and capital gains timing work.
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FEMA & RBIThe time limit to realise and repatriate export value under FEMA for goods and services, the 2025 and 2026 changes, EDPMS, extension, set off, reduction and write off, and the GST refund consequences.
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FEMA & RBIHow rule 23 of the NDI Rules treats investment by a foreign owned or controlled Indian company, with the ownership and control tests, caps, pricing, the funds rule, Form DI and the annual auditor certificate.
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FEMA & RBIWhat Press Note 3 (2020) requires, the seven countries it covers, the 2026 beneficial owner test, the 10 percent automatic route, DPIIT reporting, approval timelines and the filing steps.
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Transfer PricingHow India taxes a management fee paid to a UAE parent: no FTS article in the treaty, PE risk, TDS and Forms 145 and 146, reverse charge GST, the benefit test, disallowance risks and UAE corporate tax, with a worked example.
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Transfer PricingA practical guide for foreign founders on India's safe harbour rules for transfer pricing, covering when they apply to related party transactions, how they fit into compliance, and what to check before relying on them.
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Transfer PricingWho files Part A and Part B of Form 56, when an Indian subsidiary files Form 58 or the CbC report itself, the 2026 and 2027 due dates, penalties under sections 442 and 459, and two worked examples.
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Transfer PricingA practical guide for foreign founders on when Form 3CEB applies to an Indian entity, what to prepare for the chartered accountant, and how to avoid missed portal actions around transfer pricing reporting.
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Transfer PricingThe six prescribed methods under section 165 of the Income-tax Act, 2025 (formerly section 92C) with a worked example of each, the 1 to 3 percent tolerance range, safe harbour, and Form 3CEB documentation.
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Transfer PricingA practical guide for foreign founders on transfer pricing documentation requirements in India, covering local file, master file, intercompany agreements, benchmarking, and when to bring in an advisor for an Indian subsidiary.
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Transfer PricingCase note on the Delhi High Court rulings that decide management fee disputes for Indian subsidiaries: benefit, duplication, shareholder costs, allocation keys, aggregation, the 2026 safe harbour and the documents that win.
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TaxHow an Indian subsidiary buys back shares from its foreign parent under section 68, prices the buyback under FEMA, files FC-TRS, and withholds tax now that buybacks are capital gains again.
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Income Tax & TDSHow an Indian company claims credit for tax withheld abroad in 2026: rule 128 and Form 67 for AY 2026-27, rule 76 and Forms 44 and 45 from tax year 2026-27, due dates, documents, disputes and worked examples.
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Income Tax & TDSHow India's General Anti Avoidance Rule works for foreign groups in 2026: Chapter XI of the Income Tax Act, 2025, the INR 3 crore test, grandfathering, the Approving Panel, PPT and LOB, and the substance file.
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Income Tax & TDSHow the India Netherlands DTAA taxes a Dutch company in 2026: 10 percent rates, the MFN clause after Nestle SA, share sales under Article 13(5), PE without a service clause, the MLI and Form 41.
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Income Tax & TDSHow the India Mauritius DTAA taxes a Mauritius company in 2026: treaty rates, source taxation of share gains after the 2016 protocol, grandfathering, Article 27A, the 2024 PPT protocol, Tiger Global, TRC and substance.
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TaxHow the India Singapore DTAA taxes a Singapore company in 2026: treaty rates, the make available test, capital gains after 2017, Article 24A, the MLI principal purpose test, PE triggers, Form 41 and substance.
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Income Tax & TDSWhen a foreign company becomes tax resident in India under POEM in 2026: section 6(10), CBDT Circular 6 of 2017, the active business test, the INR 50 crore threshold, founder risk and the tax cost.
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Income Tax & TDSHow India taxes RSUs and ESOPs that a foreign parent grants to staff of its Indian subsidiary in 2026: perquisite value under rule 15, TDS, cross charges, FEMA, capital gains, Schedule FA and Form 44.
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Income Tax & TDSHow the India Germany DTAA taxes a German company in 2026: the flat 10 percent rates, managerial fees, the missing service PE rule, capital gains, the MLI position, the Nestle MFN ruling and Form 41.
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Income Tax & TDSHow the India UAE DTAA taxes a UAE company in 2026: who counts as a UAE resident, treaty rates, technical fees without an FTS article, free zone companies, capital gains, the MLI principal purpose test, PE, UAE corporate tax and documents.
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Income Tax & TDSHow the India UK DTAA taxes a UK company in 2026: Articles 11 to 14 rates, the make available test, service PE day counts, capital gains under Indian law, the MLI principal purpose test and Form 41.
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Income Tax & TDSHow the India US tax treaty taxes a US company in 2026: dividend, interest and royalty caps, fees for included services and the make available test, service PE, Article 24 LOB, capital gains, Form 41 and Form 6166.
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Income Tax & TDSWhat a non resident needs to claim treaty rates in India in 2026: the foreign TRC, Form 41 (old Form 10F) filed online, PAN or rule 217 details, validity rules, and Forms 42 and 43 for an Indian company's own TRC.
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Income Tax & TDSA practical guide for foreign founders on how permanent establishment risk arises in India through employees, contracts, offices, and vendors, and how to structure India activity to reduce that exposure before scaling up.
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Income Tax & TDSThe corporate tax rate in India for foreign companies is 35 percent plus surcharge and cess. Full rate table with effective rates, DTAA withholding relief and the subsidiary comparison.
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TaxFor a foreign owned subsidiary, GST is not just registration, it is export refunds, reverse charge and a monthly filing rhythm. Here is a ranked, honest 2026 guide and who each firm suits.
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TaxCross border tax for founders in India: permanent establishment risk, withholding tax, treaty relief and transfer pricing, explained for 2026.
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TaxWhen minimum alternate tax applies to foreign companies and Indian subsidiaries: section 115JB and section 206, the 14 percent final MAT, book profit, the foreign company exclusions, MAT credit and the section 200 choice.
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TaxAdvance tax for companies in India: the four due dates, the INR 10,000 threshold, section 405 computation, interest under sections 424 and 425 (old 234B and 234C), online payment and a cost plus example.
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TaxThe history of India's equalisation levy, the end of the 2 percent e commerce levy on 1 Aug 2024 and the 6 percent advertising levy on 1 Apr 2025, and the income tax, withholding and GST rules that now apply.
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TaxHow the India Canada DTAA taxes a Canadian parent and its Indian subsidiary: dividend, interest and royalty caps, fees for included services, the related enterprise service PE, capital gains, the MLI and the papers.
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TaxHow the India Australia DTAA taxes an Australian parent and its Indian subsidiary: 15 percent dividends and interest, the royalty bands, management fees, the 183 day service PE, section 11J and ECTA.
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TaxWhen a foreign company is taxable in India: business connection under section 9 of the Income Tax Act, 2025, the INR 2 crore and 3 lakh user SEP tests, agents, treaty PE override, digital businesses and a decision table.
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TaxHow India's thin capitalisation rule works for Indian subsidiaries: section 94B and section 177, the INR 1 crore trigger, the 30 percent of EBITDA cap, guarantees, exclusions, parent ECBs and the carry forward.
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TaxHow India decides the tax residency of a foreign employee: the 182 day and 60 plus 365 day tests, not ordinarily resident status, salary for work in India, the 90 day and treaty short stay exemptions, and the papers.
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TaxHow the India France DTAA taxes a French parent and its Indian subsidiary: the 10 percent rates, the MFN clause after Nestle SA, technical fees, PE, the 10 percent share rule, the MLI and Form 41.
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TaxCase note on AO v Nestle SA (2023 INSC 928): why MFN clauses in India's treaties need a notification, what Switzerland, the Netherlands and France did next, and the dividend rates that apply today.
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TaxHow the India Japan DTAA taxes a Japanese parent and its Indian subsidiary: the 10 percent rates, the wide technical fee definition, JBIC and NEXI interest, PE, capital gains, the MLI and Form 41.
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Income Tax & TDSHow an Indian subsidiary or a foreign company gets a TAN under section 397 of the Income Tax Act, 2025: Forms 134 and 135, rule 216 timing, documents, the INR 10,000 penalty, and the TDS work that follows.
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Income Tax & TDSA section and form map from the 1961 Act to the Income Tax Act, 2025 for foreign owned subsidiaries, with the FY 2025-26 transition rule, tax year 2026-27 due dates and the 2026 MAT change.
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TaxWhy angel tax under section 56(2)(viib) ended from AY 2025-26, which old share issues to foreign investors are still exposed, and the FEMA, Companies Act and income tax rules that still apply.
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TaxThe rates, holding period, withholding, treaty exemptions for Mauritius, Singapore and Netherlands sellers, buyer side fair value rules and FEMA reporting when a non resident sells unlisted Indian shares.
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Income Tax & TDSHow a foreign company gets a lower or nil TDS certificate in Form 128 under section 395 and rule 213: who can apply, documents, how the officer sets the rate, validity, the payer's Form 144 entry, and a UK SaaS example.
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Income Tax & TDSWhich return a foreign owned company in India files, the extended AY 2026-27 due dates, the ITR-6 schedules foreign owners trigger, the 22 percent regime and MAT credit choice, late filing costs and the move to the 2025 Act.
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Income Tax & TDSHow a foreign company or foreign national gets an Indian PAN in 2026: Form 96 and Form 95 replace Form 49AA, the apostilled registration certificate, fees, the Indian representative, rule 217 relief from higher TDS, and two worked examples.
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Income Tax & TDSSection 63 of the Income Tax Act, 2025 keeps the INR 1 crore and INR 10 crore tax audit limits. See who needs an audit, the FY 2025-26 forms and dates, Form 26 from tax year 2026-27 and the new flat fee.
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Income Tax & TDSForms 15CA and 15CB became Forms 145 and 146 on 1 Apr 2026. The four parts of Form 145, the rule 220 exemptions, treaty claims, portal steps, penalties and a worked royalty example.
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Income Tax & TDSHow an Indian company deducts tax on royalty, fees, interest and dividends paid abroad in 2026, with section 393 and 207 rates, treaty rates for eight countries, rule 217, Forms 41, 128, 144 and 131, and a US example.
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TaxHow the single tax year in section 3 of the Income Tax Act, 2025 replaces previous year and assessment year from 1 Apr 2026, how returns, advance tax, TDS and assessments are labelled, and how FY 2025-26 income is handled.
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TaxWhat Union Budget 2026 and the Finance Act, 2026 changed for foreign owned Indian companies and non residents: MAT, buy back tax, withholding, transfer pricing, new exemptions, customs, GST and FEMA.
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TaxCase note on AAR v Tiger Global International II Holdings (2026 INSC 60): the facts, the order, grandfathering under Article 13(3A), TRCs, GAAR and what Mauritius and Singapore holding structures should do now.
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TaxHow Form 27Q works for TDS on payments to non residents, what goes into it, the 31 July to 31 May due dates, Form 131, corrections, late fee and penalty, and the switch to Form 144 under the Income Tax Act, 2025.
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GSTZero rated, not exempt: the five export conditions, LUT vs paying IGST, refund mechanics through RFD-01, and the intermediary rule change from 30 March 2026.
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GSTA founder focused guide to when foreign companies need GST registration in India, covering supplies, deputations, entity setup, and the questions to resolve before applying.
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GSTHow India taxes foreign SaaS and digital services under GST: the OIDAR definition from 1 Oct 2023, who pays on B2B and B2C sales, place of supply, REG-10 registration, GSTR-5A and a worked example.
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GSTHow GST treats cross charges and free services between related companies and a company's own branches: Schedule I, rule 28 valuation, corporate guarantees, secondment, parent cost allocations, ISD and exports.
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GSTWhat the 57th GST Council meeting recommended on 8 Oct 2026: arrest powers withdrawn, prosecution threshold raised, faster refunds, unblocked credits, export of services relief, and what needs a law change first.
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GSTA founder focused guide to GST input tax credit rules for foreign owned Indian companies. Covers eligibility, set off, refunds, common mistakes and a practical checklist before your India team claims ITC.
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GSTA practical guide for foreign founders running Indian entities on LUT filing for exporters under GST, covering the portal process, LUT versus IGST decisions, invoicing and common compliance gaps.
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GSTHow an exporter of services claims back unutilised input tax credit in Form GST RFD-01: the rule 89(4) formula, the two year limit, documents, provisional refund, deficiency memos, interest and a worked example.
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GSTHow an Indian subsidiary pays GST under reverse charge on services from its foreign parent: when it is an import, time of supply, value, self invoice, input tax credit, GSTR-3B and a worked example.
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